DANCES AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:
The great creativity of the contemporary Peruvian people, inherited from the incas, become apparent in its music, it is varies from melancholy and soulful to upbeat and festive. Perhaps the best known example of Andean music is El Condor Pasa, adapted by Paul Simon.
Thanks to the recent archaeological discoveries of musical instruments, experts currently know that in Peru, music has been played at least as far back as 10,000 years ago.
Today, Peru continues to assimilate new instruments such as synthesizers, electric guitars, drums and harmonicas. Local musicians are also creating new genres like chicha or Peruvian cumbia, enabling Peru’s music to open up to new influences expanding both at home and abroad, beyond native folk music. Although Peru is the home o many indigenous people, Spanish is the official language. The Spanish heritage is evident in plazas, colonial cathedrals and monasteries, all filled with flowers. The Inca culture is still present in the people today, the colorful costumes are worn as part of daily life and even more flamboyant ones for the frequent fiestas and carnivals.
Thanks to the recent archaeological discoveries of musical instruments, experts currently know that in Peru, music has been played at least as far back as 10,000 years ago.
Today, Peru continues to assimilate new instruments such as synthesizers, electric guitars, drums and harmonicas. Local musicians are also creating new genres like chicha or Peruvian cumbia, enabling Peru’s music to open up to new influences expanding both at home and abroad, beyond native folk music. Although Peru is the home o many indigenous people, Spanish is the official language. The Spanish heritage is evident in plazas, colonial cathedrals and monasteries, all filled with flowers. The Inca culture is still present in the people today, the colorful costumes are worn as part of daily life and even more flamboyant ones for the frequent fiestas and carnivals.
Peruvian culture internet resourceshttp://www.globeaware.org/peruvian-culture
http://www.houseofperu.org/culture.php |
Ethnic groups:
Indian 45%
Mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37% White 15% Black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% |
Peruvian Cultural aspects
Country Statistics
Category Statistic
Lima Population 7,605,742
Oil Production 0.18%
Fruit Production 4,815,557 (metric tonnes)
Energy Consumption 16.6 (million tonnes)
Coal Consumption 0.02%
Wheat Production 219,454 (metric tonnes)
Education
![Picture](/uploads/1/7/1/0/17107236/1361763758.jpg)
This map shows the low numbers that represent the percent of Primary completion rate of children in school. Once the years keep adding on the numbers do too. The percent keeps rising therefor showing that the education being completed in Peru has been and is continually increasing.
Economic
![Picture](/uploads/1/7/1/0/17107236/1361763800.jpg)
This image shows the inflation rate of Peru throughout the years. There has been a slight change in the percentage from 1600 to the 200's. This asserts that the economy has remained the same and there has been little or no progress with the counties exporting and importing and even production.
Health
![Picture](/uploads/1/7/1/0/17107236/1361764467.jpg)
Peru's health improved as the years increased. This evidently shows that health has improved maybe through vaccines, nutrition, cures and even birth rates. All these categories have improved therefor increasing Peru's population and it's peoples health.
American Anthropologist , New Series, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1902), pp. 753-759
Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/659382
Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association
Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/659382
Status of women
Men and women have occupied two different types of roles. Traditionally their labor roles were very different from each other. Since Inca times, women were the ones in charge of the children, and usually only weaved and did minor agriculture work. While males did the harder work, such as road work, farming and millitary obligations. This division of labor based on gender is still heavily enforced today. On the other hand, women are gaining more and more experience on work and receiving higher education levels, traditional occupations such as businesses and politics are becoming more options for women to contribute in. At the same time the women are left in charge of households and forced them to get involved in social movements and in the fight for progressive change, due to their husbands migrating.
Peru could be described as a patriarchal society. Men are preferentially treated in most, if not all, aspects of society. Sons are preferred over daughters, are given more freedom, and are less burdened with household chores and family obligations. In theory men are expected to marry and provide for their families. Peruvian ways have continually chnaged, although the country is still considered to be "machista," a spanish phrase meaning men having more power over women, socially and mentally. There are, however, large numbers of female-run households where the mother has to work and provide for her children. Meanwhile, it is a common social practice for men to have other female lovers and children outside of their initial marriage. (Wolfy 2007)
The Manuela Ramos Movement is a not-for-profit civil association, founded in Peru in 1978, the main purpose is to promote women's rights. Its headquarters are located in Lima. It has two offices in the districts of Villa El Salvador and San Juan de Miraflores. The objectives of the Manuela Ramos Movement include promoting women's rights, taking steps to prevent all forms of discrimination against women, and fostering democratic values and respect for diversity. It also contributes to capacity building for women, on both an individual and a collective basis, to enable them to exercise their rights (2007, Wolfy).
The organization carries out public awareness campaigns on the rights of women, provides victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse , trains women in designing economic projects suited to their lifestyles, organizes courses to encourage saving and the creation of microenterprise networks, fosters female political leadership within political parties, observes elections, supports quota laws for female participation in government agencies, publishes educational materials about the rights of women and gender-based violence, produces gender-awareness radio and television programs, and maintains a website to serve as a connection point for centers that collect gender-related statistics (1987, Silverblatt).
The issues of violence against women and reproductive health is still a high concern in Peru. Highlighting the link between violence against women and prevailing sexual stereotypes. The Peruvian government has recently ensured that violence against women is sanctioned with "due speed and severity", and it introduced a "zero tolerance" to make violence socially and morally unacceptable in Peru. Although, the number of deaths in maternal mortality is alarmingly high and remains a major problem (1998, Holligan).
Although women represent half of the population of Peru, they do not have equal access to resources or power. Assumptions about women’s roles in society and at home often obstruct access by women to influential roles in both the public and private sectors. Due to prejudice and discrimination, women historically have suffered disproportionately from the country's pervasive poverty and unemployment. Although human rights issues affect many sectors of the population, there are some violations which are gender -based, or affect women to a greater extent due to prevailing patriarchal systems. In addition, race and class may worsen women’s position in Peruvian society.
Sources
Holligan de Díaz-Límaco, Jane. Peru in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture, 1998
Silverblatt, Irene. Moon, Sun and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru, 1987.
Wolfy , B. (n.d.). Peru's women have advanced, but society is still 'machista'. 2007
Retrieved from '''http://journalperu.com/peru's-women-have-advanced-but-society-is-still-'machista'/
Peru could be described as a patriarchal society. Men are preferentially treated in most, if not all, aspects of society. Sons are preferred over daughters, are given more freedom, and are less burdened with household chores and family obligations. In theory men are expected to marry and provide for their families. Peruvian ways have continually chnaged, although the country is still considered to be "machista," a spanish phrase meaning men having more power over women, socially and mentally. There are, however, large numbers of female-run households where the mother has to work and provide for her children. Meanwhile, it is a common social practice for men to have other female lovers and children outside of their initial marriage. (Wolfy 2007)
The Manuela Ramos Movement is a not-for-profit civil association, founded in Peru in 1978, the main purpose is to promote women's rights. Its headquarters are located in Lima. It has two offices in the districts of Villa El Salvador and San Juan de Miraflores. The objectives of the Manuela Ramos Movement include promoting women's rights, taking steps to prevent all forms of discrimination against women, and fostering democratic values and respect for diversity. It also contributes to capacity building for women, on both an individual and a collective basis, to enable them to exercise their rights (2007, Wolfy).
The organization carries out public awareness campaigns on the rights of women, provides victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse , trains women in designing economic projects suited to their lifestyles, organizes courses to encourage saving and the creation of microenterprise networks, fosters female political leadership within political parties, observes elections, supports quota laws for female participation in government agencies, publishes educational materials about the rights of women and gender-based violence, produces gender-awareness radio and television programs, and maintains a website to serve as a connection point for centers that collect gender-related statistics (1987, Silverblatt).
The issues of violence against women and reproductive health is still a high concern in Peru. Highlighting the link between violence against women and prevailing sexual stereotypes. The Peruvian government has recently ensured that violence against women is sanctioned with "due speed and severity", and it introduced a "zero tolerance" to make violence socially and morally unacceptable in Peru. Although, the number of deaths in maternal mortality is alarmingly high and remains a major problem (1998, Holligan).
Although women represent half of the population of Peru, they do not have equal access to resources or power. Assumptions about women’s roles in society and at home often obstruct access by women to influential roles in both the public and private sectors. Due to prejudice and discrimination, women historically have suffered disproportionately from the country's pervasive poverty and unemployment. Although human rights issues affect many sectors of the population, there are some violations which are gender -based, or affect women to a greater extent due to prevailing patriarchal systems. In addition, race and class may worsen women’s position in Peruvian society.
Sources
Holligan de Díaz-Límaco, Jane. Peru in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture, 1998
Silverblatt, Irene. Moon, Sun and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru, 1987.
Wolfy , B. (n.d.). Peru's women have advanced, but society is still 'machista'. 2007
Retrieved from '''http://journalperu.com/peru's-women-have-advanced-but-society-is-still-'machista'/
Peru's change in cultural diversity and their efforts to preserve it
Peru has been experiencing a significant economic growth. This growth united with social and economic policies over the last decade, and has resulted in advances in poverty reduction and human development. This economic growth continues to be joined with environmental degradation which results in loss of biodiversity, it has compromised capacity of the ecosystem to provide essential goods and services, and has increased vulnerability of the population.
Peru is considered to be one of the countries most vulnerable to dramatic climate change as well as climate risk. In response, the Government of Peru, is taking action to lessen climate related risks and adapt to long term climate change. The approaches that have been taken have been through methodological and conceptual, which include community based adaptation, ecosystem based adaptation, structural solutions and disaster risk management. The UNDP provides technical assistance to Peru, this is the framework of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) agreed by the United Nations and the Government of Peru. Recently, UNDP has taken steps to strengthen its programs in the technical areas of climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystems management. In addition, UNDP aims to develop and strengthen strategic partnerships with other cooperation agencies and the private sector, in order to leverage resources and increase impact (UNDP Jobs.)
The law recognizes indigenous communal land rights, and the Constitution of Peru permits a certain level of autonomy within communal lands, including the right to govern in accordance with customary law. The Constitution recognizes and protects the Andean indigenous legal system, while some national laws on exchange of goods, native and campesino communities and biodiversity conservation, as well as they recognize Quechua customary laws. Peru’s “Regime for Protecting the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples related to Biological Resources” ,Law 27811, recognizes collective rights over traditional knowledge. It requires prior informed consent from communities before accessing traditional knowledge, and benefits from using it and to be shared fairly and equitably. However, it only protects traditional knowledge through commercial contracts, rather than protecting it for local livelihoods and wellbeing, and does not identify communities’ rights over associated biological resources (Biocultural Heritage.)
The Law of Biodiversity (Law 26839) recognizes that the knowledge, practices and innovations of communities are part of their cultural heritage, and such innovations can include traditional crop varieties. Additionally, Peru has ratified ILO Convention 169, which provides a general legal framework for indigenous rights. Peru has also endorsed the UN Declaration on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights.
Sources
National and local policy and law for protecting biocultural heritage | Biocultural Heritage . (n.d.). Biocultural Heritage. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http://biocultural.iied.org/policy/national-and-local-policy-and-law-protecting-biocultural-heritage
UNDP Jobs - 36038- Technical Advisor Ecosystems and Climate Change. UNDP Jobs. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http://jobs.undp.org/cj_view_job.cfm?cur_job_id=36038
Peru is considered to be one of the countries most vulnerable to dramatic climate change as well as climate risk. In response, the Government of Peru, is taking action to lessen climate related risks and adapt to long term climate change. The approaches that have been taken have been through methodological and conceptual, which include community based adaptation, ecosystem based adaptation, structural solutions and disaster risk management. The UNDP provides technical assistance to Peru, this is the framework of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) agreed by the United Nations and the Government of Peru. Recently, UNDP has taken steps to strengthen its programs in the technical areas of climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystems management. In addition, UNDP aims to develop and strengthen strategic partnerships with other cooperation agencies and the private sector, in order to leverage resources and increase impact (UNDP Jobs.)
The law recognizes indigenous communal land rights, and the Constitution of Peru permits a certain level of autonomy within communal lands, including the right to govern in accordance with customary law. The Constitution recognizes and protects the Andean indigenous legal system, while some national laws on exchange of goods, native and campesino communities and biodiversity conservation, as well as they recognize Quechua customary laws. Peru’s “Regime for Protecting the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples related to Biological Resources” ,Law 27811, recognizes collective rights over traditional knowledge. It requires prior informed consent from communities before accessing traditional knowledge, and benefits from using it and to be shared fairly and equitably. However, it only protects traditional knowledge through commercial contracts, rather than protecting it for local livelihoods and wellbeing, and does not identify communities’ rights over associated biological resources (Biocultural Heritage.)
The Law of Biodiversity (Law 26839) recognizes that the knowledge, practices and innovations of communities are part of their cultural heritage, and such innovations can include traditional crop varieties. Additionally, Peru has ratified ILO Convention 169, which provides a general legal framework for indigenous rights. Peru has also endorsed the UN Declaration on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights.
Sources
National and local policy and law for protecting biocultural heritage | Biocultural Heritage . (n.d.). Biocultural Heritage. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http://biocultural.iied.org/policy/national-and-local-policy-and-law-protecting-biocultural-heritage
UNDP Jobs - 36038- Technical Advisor Ecosystems and Climate Change. UNDP Jobs. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http://jobs.undp.org/cj_view_job.cfm?cur_job_id=36038